试论HALAL认证的多重效应及潜在问题——以“宁夏模式”为例
(摘要)
宁夏大学政法学院教授 陈金
摘要：HALAL认证，特别是和国际对接成功之后，将对宁夏社会产生一系列的影响，笔者通过对HALAL认证这个微小的视角去试图探究其所带来的政治、经济、文化、外交等方面的效应，以及后HALAL认证时代所面临的问题，肯定其价值作用，也提出若干值得重视的问题，希望能有抛砖引玉之效。
关键词：HALAL认证 效应 民族宗教 文化
Discussions on the Multiple Effects of HALAL Authentication and Its Potential Problems —Take "Ningxia Mode" for Instance
(Abstract)
Chen Jin
Abstract: HALAL authentication, especially after its successful butt joint with the world, will have a series of influences upon Ningxia society. From the tiny perspective of HALAL authentication, the author tries to probe into the political, economic, cultural, and diplomatic effects that HALAL authentication brings about and the problems in post-HALAL-authentication period, affirming its functions as well as raising some questions worth paying attention to, in the hope of offering a few commonplace remarks by way of introduction so that others may come up with valuable opinions.
Key words: HALAL authentication effects national religion culture
About the author: Chen Jin; Professor of the Institute of Political Science and Law, Ningxia University
宁夏清真食品和穆斯林用品产业发展的战略构想
宁夏社会科学院科研副研究员 李文庆
清真食品和穆斯林用品产业是指在符合伊斯兰教法基础上，依照伊斯兰教的民族风俗习惯加工、制作的食品和用品等。宁夏是我国唯一的省级回族自治区，回族人口分别占全区人口的３４.７７％、全国回族人口的近２０％，通过发展清真食品和穆斯林用品产业，走出一条内陆开放型经济发展的新模式，实现宁夏经济的跨越式发展。
一、清真食品和穆斯林用品产业市场需求
根据卡内基国际和平基金会统计，２００９年世界穆斯林人口１６.５７６亿，占世界人口总数的２４.３１％，其中：亚洲大陆穆斯林人口超过１０亿人。我国穆斯林人口是指以伊斯兰教为主要信仰的１０个少数民族的人口，包括回族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族、东乡族、柯尔克孜族、撒拉族、塔吉克族、乌孜别克族、保安族和塔塔尔族。
目前，全球仅清真食品的年贸易额就达到了１５００亿美元，清真食品的最大进口国是沙特阿拉伯、埃及、马来西亚、伊朗、阿尔及利亚等。在清真食品的价格上，我国与国外相比，无论是肉类还是其他消费产品都有很大的利润空间，我国对中东国家出口增长很快，其中我国对阿联酋的出口持续快速增长。世界穆斯林国家对清真食品和穆斯林用品的巨大市场需求，为宁夏大力发展清真食品和穆斯林用品产业提供了广阔市场空间。
二、我国清真食品和穆斯林用品产业发展现状
我国清真产业的分布和发展与我国穆斯林人口的分布特征紧密相关，呈现明显的地域特征，清真食品和穆斯林用品产业主要集中在穆斯林人口较多的西北地区。宁夏、新疆、甘肃、青海是我国穆斯林的主要聚居地区，自古以来就是清真食品和穆斯林用品的主要产地和消费地。这一地区的清真食品和穆斯林用品生产已经具备了较好的基础和一定的生产能力，同时具有很大的潜力。
由于受自然禀赋条件、民族状况、经济结构等诸多因素的影响，宁夏周边五省区发展清真食品和穆斯林用品的水平具有较大的差别，总体上看，新疆、青海、甘肃由于是穆斯林主要的聚居区，清真食品和穆斯林用品产业发展基础较好，内蒙古、陕西由于穆斯林较少，清真食品和穆斯林用品产业除了几家发展较大的企业，整体规模在当地经济中所占比例很小。
三、宁夏清真食品和穆斯林用品产业发展的战略构想
宁夏清真食品与穆斯林用品产业发展的战略构想是以清真食品与穆斯林用品为载体，将宁夏打造成为我国面向穆斯林国家开放的前沿阵地,世界重要的清真食品与穆斯林用品产业集散地，建设国内清真产业集聚宁夏走向世界，世界清真产品汇聚宁夏走向全国的集聚平台。
（一）创建中国清真食品和穆斯林用品产业协会
国家已批准宁夏设立我国唯一的清真食品认证机构，创建中国清真食品和穆斯林用品产业协会时机已经成熟。通过创建中国清真食品和穆斯林用品产业协会，集聚清真产业企业总部或企业区域总部、认证、研发、销售等机构。
（二）创建“三区”
１. 创建国家级宁夏清真食品产业开发区（落户银川市）
银川市作为宁夏回族自治区首府，目前已形成了贺兰德胜和永宁望远清真食品加工集聚区，银川空港冷鲜货周转中心农产品出口基地。以德胜、望远为基础，在银川市兴庆区月牙湖地区新建宁夏清真产业园，在“十二五”期间积极争取形成合力，创建国家级宁夏清真食品产业园。
２. 创建国家级吴忠穆斯林用品产业开发区
宁夏发展穆斯林用品产业已形成了一定的基础，以吴忠市为特色，已经集聚了民族服饰、沐浴用品、特色建筑用品、宗教用品、民族家居用品等产品，为今后发展穆斯林用品产业提供了产业空间。在自治区的努力下，沙特阿拉伯拟在我区建设清真产业园，通过国内国际投资，争取在“十二五”期间创建国家级吴忠穆斯林用品产业开发区。
３.创建宁夏国家级清真食品和穆斯林用品产业综合保税区
“十二五”期间，宁夏将建成我国的清真食品和穆斯林用品研发与生产中心、集散和贸易中心及认证中心，但是较高的关税与配额限制了该产业的发展。必须通过相关政策支持，借鉴国内外保税区建设的经验，建设宁夏国家级清真食品和穆斯林用品产业综合保税区。
（三）建设“六大中心”
１.建设宁夏清真食品国际认证中心
国家认证认可委员会于２００９年批准设立了全国唯一的清真食品认证中心——宁夏回族自治区清真食品国际认证中心（ＮＨＦＩＣＣ），并赋予其将有关清真食品标准化转化为行业标准或国家标准。已与马来西亚签署了清真食品标准互认合作书，最终目标是完善清真食品标准体系，与国际清真完善联盟（ＩＨＡ）制定、执行和规范清真食品标准评监体系接轨。
２.建设宁夏穆斯林国际经贸物流中心
宁夏应依托中阿经贸论坛，积极同穆斯林国家开展经贸领域的交流与合作；依托发达的交通运输体系、商贸物流体系建设经贸物流中心，通过空港物流、陆路口岸等，疏通与中东、中亚等穆斯林国家的通道，将宁夏打造成为世界级的清真食品和穆斯林用品产业的商贸、物流中心，着力打造面向穆斯林国家的商贸交流平台。
３.宁夏伊斯兰国际金融中心
充分发挥宁夏民族优势和回族文化优势，加强与穆斯林国家的经贸交流和金融合作，积极引进伊斯兰金融机构在宁夏五市设立分支机构或代表处，力争在“十二五”末到２０２０年将宁夏建设成为我国的伊斯兰金融中心。重点将在银川市建设伊斯兰金融中心，组建和引进伊斯兰银行，发展壮大辐射周边省区的循序渐进的战略发展过程。
４.建设银川中阿国际博览中心
目前，我国与２２个阿拉伯国家、阿盟所有成员国和其他穆斯林国家建立了外交关系，中阿双方在各个领域的友好合作关系稳步发展，合作水平也在不断提高，在中阿经贸论坛的基础上发展成为中阿经贸文化论坛，积极建设银川中阿经贸论坛国际博览会，为宁夏清真食品和穆斯林用品产业的大发展提供平台，为中阿经贸论坛提供各种服务。
５.建设银川国际清真食品和穆斯林用品产业研发中心
通过政府引导、政策鼓励、资金支持等方式，支持各类企业和机构建立清真食品和穆斯林用品产业研发机构，建设银川国际清真食品和穆斯林用品研发中心，力促清真食品和穆斯林用品产业的产学研联合，开发适宜我国穆斯林消费者和面向穆斯林国家的清真食品和穆斯林用品。
６.创建宁夏阿语人才教育培训中心
发挥宁夏大学阿语教育的优势，依托北方民族大学、伊斯兰教经学院的教学资源，鼓励社会办学，加大阿语人才培养力度，把宁夏打造成我国阿语人才培训中心。
Strategies for Developing Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in Ningxia
Li Wenqing
Halal food and Muslim commodities industry is to process and produce food and commodities in accordance with Islamic customs and practices and Sharia. Ningxia is the only provincial Hui autonomous region and the largest Muslim settlement in China. The Hui population in Ningxia respectively accounts for 34.77% of the population in this autonomous region and 20% of the overall Hui population in China. By developing halal food and Muslim commodities industry, we can create a new mode for developing open economy in the inland to achieve economic development by leaps and bounds in Ningxia.
I. Market Demands for Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry
According to the statistics made by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the world Muslim population was 1.6576 billion in 2009, accounting for 24.31% of the world population, including more than 1 billion on the Asian continent. The Muslim population in China is the population of the 10 ethnic minorities that take the Islam as their major religious belief, including Hui nationality, Uyghur nationality, Kazak nationality, Dongxiang nationality, Kirkiz nationality, Sala nationality, Tajik nationality, Uzbek nationality, Bao’an nationality and Tatar nationality.
Presently, the world trade volume of halal food only reaches USD 150 billion per year, and the largest importers of halal food are Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Malaysia, Iran, Algeria etc. Compared with other countries, China’s price of halal food, both meat and other consumption products, can bring high profits. China’s export to Middle-East countries increases rapidly, especially the export to United Arab Emirates, the amount of which keeps continuous and high increase. The great demands of Muslim-majority countries for halal food and Muslim commodities provide a broad market for Ningxia to develop halal food and Muslim commodities industry.
II. Development of Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in China
The distribution and development of halal industry in China is closely related with the distribution of Muslim population and features remarkable regional differences. Halal food and Muslim commodities industry mainly concentrates on the northwest China where there is a large Muslim population. Ningxia, Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai are the main settlements for Muslims in China and are always the major places for producing and consuming halal food and Muslim commodities. Those regions have paved a good foundation and established a favorable capacity for producing halal food and Muslim commodities, and they also have great potentials.
The five provinces around Ningxia differ greatly from one another in developing halal food and Muslim commodities industry due to the different natural conditions, ethnic conditions, economic structures etc. Generally speaking, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Gansu are the main settlements for Muslims, so they have a good foundation for developing halal food and Muslim commodities industry; Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi have less Muslim population, so there are only a few large enterprises for halal food and Muslim commodities and their economic size only accounts for a very small proportion in the local economy.
III. Strategies for Developing Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in Ningxia
The strategy for developing halal food and Muslim commodities industry in Ningxia is to be based on halal food and Muslim commodities and to aim to develop Ningxia into the window of China for Muslim countries, an important world-class distributing center for halal food and Muslim commodities, as well as a transfer station to distribute domestic halal products to the world or to collect worldwide halal products.
1. Establish an Association for Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in China The central government has approved for Ningxia’s establishment of the only halal food certification agency in China, and it is the very opportunity to establish an association for halal food and Muslim commodities industry in China. By establishing such an association, Ningxia can gather the headquarters of halal enterprises or their regional headquarters, certification agencies, R&D agencies, sales agencies, etc.
2. Establish “Three Zones”
(1) Build a National Halal Food Industry Development Zone in Ningxia (located in Yinchuan City)
As the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan City has up to now built up halal food processing zones in Helan Desheng and Yongning Wangyuan, as well as frozen food turnover center and agricultural products export base in Yinchuan Airport. It has also built Ningxia Halal Industrial Park in Yueyahu, Xingqing District, Yinchuan City based on Desheng and Wangyuan. It strives to unite all resources during the “12th Five-Year Plan” period so as to build up a national Ningxia Halal Food Industrial Park.
(2) Build a National Wuzhong Muslim Commodities Industry Development Zone
Ningxia has paved a good foundation to develop its Muslim commodities industry, especially in Wuzhong City. Wuzhong has been crowded by folk costumes, baths, special construction materials, religious products, folk home supplies etc., which creates a favorable atmosphere for this city to develop Muslim commodities industry. Thanks to the efforts made by the government of this autonomous region, Saudi Arabia plans to build a halal industrial park here. It also strives to get more domestic and foreign investment so as to build up the National Wuzhong Muslim Commodities Industry Development Zone during the “12th Five-Year Plan” period.
(3) Build a National Comprehensive Bonded Zone for Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in Ningxia
Ningxia will be developed into China’s R&D and production center, distributing and trading center as well as the certification center of halal food and Muslim commodities during the “12th Five-Year Plan” period, but the high tariff and quota restrict the development of this industry. Ningxia must get related preferential policies and make use of the domestic and foreign experiences in building bonded zones so as to build a national comprehensive bonded zone for halal food and Muslim commodities industry.
3. Establish “Six Centers”
(1) Build an International Certification Center for Halal Food in Ningxia
Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s Republic of China approved in 2009 the only halal food certification center in China Ningxia Autonomous Region Halal Food International Certification Center (NHFICC), and authorized the center to transform related halal food standards into industrial standards or national standards. It has signed with Malaysia the Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Halal Food Standards in order to perfect the halal food standard system as well as to conform to the halal food standards evaluation and supervision system prepared, enforced and regulated by International Halal Alliance (IHA).
(2) Build an International Muslim Commercial, Trading & Logistic Center in Ningxia
Ningxia should launch active communication and cooperation with Muslim-majority countries in commercial and trading areas based on the China-Arab States Economic and Trade Forum; build a commercial, trading & logistic center based on the well developed transportation system and commercial, trading & logistic system; open the passage to Muslim-majority countries in the Middle East and Middle Asia with the airport, road and ports. Thus, the region can be developed into a world-class commercial, trading & logistic center for halal food and Muslim commodities industry and can establish a commercial, trading & communicating platform for Muslim-majority countries.
(3) Build an International Islamic Financial Center in Ningxia
Ningxia should make the best use of the advantages of ethnic groups and Hui culture here, enhance the commercial communication and financial cooperation with Muslim-majority countries, actively introduce Islamic financial agencies into the five cities and districts in Ningxia by setting branches or representative offices, and strive to develop Ningxia into the Islamic financial center of China by 2020 at the end of the “12th Five-Year Plan” period. The focus should be laid on the strategic development process to experiment, organize and introduce Islamic banks, developing and expanding such banks, and influencing surrounding provinces and areas before building an Islamic financial center in the city of Yinchuan.
(4) Build a China-Arab International Exhibition Center in Yinchuan
Presently, China has established the diplomatic relations with 22 Arab states, all member states of the League of Arab States and other Muslim-majority countries. Both China and Arab have kept stable and continuous development of the friendly cooperation in various fields, developed the China-Arab States Economic and Trade Forum into China-Arab States Economic, Trade and Culture Forum, and actively developed International Expo of China-Arab States Economic and Trade Forum in Yinchuan, which provides a platform for the great development of the halal food and Muslim commodities industry in Ningxia and provides various services for China-Arab States Economic and Trade Forum.
(5) Build an International R&D Center for Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in Yinchuan
The government will support all enterprises and agencies when building the R&D center for halal food and Muslim commodities industry by governmental guide, preferential policies, monetary support etc., build an International R&D Center for Halal Food and Muslim Commodities Industry in Yinchuan, encourage the integration of production, study and research for halal food and Muslim commodities industry, and develop the halal food and Muslim commodities that are suitable for Chinese Muslim consumers and Muslim-majority countries.
(6) Build an Education & Training Center for Arabic Talents in Ningxia
It will make the best use of the Arabic education in Ningxia University and the resources in Beifang University of Nationalities and China Islamic Institute, encourage the society to run schools, and enhance the training of Arabic talents so as to develop Ningxia into an Arabic talents training center in China.
About the author: Li Wenqing, deputy head and deputy researcher of Scientific Research Organization Division, Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences.
